North Borneo (Sabah):
An annotated timeline 1640s-present
by
Manuel L. Quezon III
READ
HERE FOR MORE
Note from the author:
I am sharing a timeline I have compiled of key events
and accompanying literature on the North Borneo (Sabah)
issue. This timeline is being shared for academic and media research purposes.
It is not being published as an official statement of policy in any shape or
form, nor does this timeline purport to be representative of the views of the
Philippine government.
1640s
Spain
signed peace treaties with the strongest sultanates, Sulu and Maguindanao,
recognizing their de facto independence.
[1]
1704
Sultan of Sulu became sovereign ruler of most of North
Borneo by virtue of a cession from the Sultan of Brunei whom he
had helped in suppressing a rebellion.
There is no document stating the grant of North Borneo
from Sultan of Brunei to Sultan of Sulu, but it is accepted by all sides.
[2]
March 17, 1824
Treaty of London signed by the Netherlands and Great Britain
Allocates certain territories in the Malay archipelago to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands (Dutch East
Indies).
[3]
September 23, 1836
Treaty of Peace and Commerce between Spain and Sulu, signed in Sulu
Granting Spanish protection of sultanate, mutual defense, and safe passage
for Spanish and Joloan ships between ports of Manila, Zamboanga, and Jolo.
[4]
Ortiz: Spain
did not claim sovereignty over Sulu, but merely offered “the protection of Her
Government and the aid of fleets and soldiers for wars…”
[5]
1845
Muda Hassim, uncle of the Sultan of Sulu, publicly announced as
successor to the Sultanate of Sulu with the title of
Sultan Muda:
he was also the leader of the “English party,”(today the term for Crown Prince
is Raja Muda)
[6]
The British Government appoints James Brooke as a confidential agent in Borneo
[7]
The British Government extends help to Sultan Muda to deal with piracy and
settle the Government of Borneo
[8]
April 1846
Sir James Brooke receives intelligence that the Sultan of Sulu ordered the
murder of Muda Hassim, and some thirteen Rajas and many of their followers;
Muda Hassim kills himself because he found that resistance is useless.
[9]
July 19, 1846
Admiral Thomas Cochrane, Commander-in-chief of East Indies and China Station
of the Royal Navy, issued a Proclamation to cease hostilities (“piracy,”
crackdown versus pro-British faction) if the Sultan of Sulu would govern
“lawfully” and respect his engagements with the British Government
If the Sultan persisted, the Admiral proclaimed that the squadron would burn
down the capital of the sultanate.
[10]
May 7, 1847
James Brooke is instructed by the British Government to conclude a treaty
with the Sultan of Brunei
British occupation of Labuan is confirmed and Sultan concedes that no
territorial cession of any portion of his country should ever be made to any
foreign power without the sanction of Great Britain
[11]
May 29, 1849
Convention of Commerce between Britain and the Sultanate of Sulu
Sultan of Sulu will not cede any territory without the consent of the
British.
[12]
April 30, 1851
Treaty signed with Spain
by the Sultan of Sulu, Mohammed Pulalun
The Sultanate of Sulu was incorporated into the Spanish Monarchy.
[13]
January 17, 1867
Earl of Derby to Lord Odo Russel:
that, whatever Treaty rights Spain may have had to the sovereignty of
Sulu and its dependencies, those rights must be considered as having lapsed
owing to the complete failure of Spain to attain a de facto control
over the territory claimed.
May 30, 1877
Protocol of Sulu signed between Spain,
Germany, and Great Britain,
providing free movement of ships engaged in commerce and direct trading in the
Sulu Archipelago
British Ambassadors in Madrid and Berlin were instructed
that the protocol implies recognition of Spanish claims over Sulu or its
dependencies.
At this point the following western countries have possessions in Southeast Asia:
1. British = Singapore, Malaya, Brunei,
Sarawak, and North Borneo
2. Germany = Papua New Guinea
3. Netherlands = Indonesia
4. Spain = Philippines, Guam,
Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands
5. France = Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia (French IndoChina)
[14]
December 1877
Expeditions of Alfred Dent to control north part of Borneo
began
Alfred Dent, member of the commercial house of Dent Brothers and Co. of London
[15]
January 22, 1878
Sir Alfred Dent obtains sovereign control over the northern part of Borneo for 5,300 ringgit ($5,000) from the Sultans of
Brunei and Sulu.
See contending translations of relevant portions of this
document. See also the
Spanish translation. See
another English translation.
Concessions would later be confirmed by Her Majesty’s Royal Charter in
November, 1881 granted to the British North Borneo Co.
The territory of the Sultan of Sulu over the island of Borneo,
commencing from the Pandassan River on the north-west coast and
extending along the whole east coast as far as the Sibuco River in the south
and comprising amongst other the States of Paitan, Sugut, Bangaya, Labuk,
Sandakan, Kina Batangan, Mumiang, and all the other territories and states to
the southward thereof bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the Sibuco river
with all the islands within three marine leagues of the coast. [16]
Sultan of Sulu Mohammed Jamalul Alam a
ppoints Baron de Overbeck as Datu Bendajara and Raja of North
Borneo
(Baron de Overbeck, Austrian national heavily connected with the house of
Dent and Co. at Hong Kong. Overbeck was sent
to Borneo as a representative of Dent and Co. to enter negotiations with
Sultans and Chiefs of Brunei and Sulu – Dec 1878 Statement and Application of
Debt of Dent and Overbeck to the Marquis of Salisbury)
[17]
Sultan of Sulu Mohammed Jamalul Alam (
Translation of Deed of 1878 by Prof. Harold Conklin) wrote
letters to the Governor of Jolo, Carlos Martinez and the Captain-General
Malcampo to revoke what he termed the lease he granted over North
Borneo.
[18]
July 4, 1878
The Sultan of Sulu
Mohammed Jamalul Alam sends a letter to the Captain-General of
the Philippines.
According to the
letter of the Sultan, Sandakan
was not ceded to the United
Kingdom but was only leased. The Sultan
added that he only did this under the threat of attack from the British
[19]
July 22, 1878
Bases of Peace and Capitulation signed in Jolo.
Sultan of Sulu,
Mohammed Jamalul Alam declared the sovereignty of Spain over
the Archipelago of Suluand its dependencies while granting free exercise of
religion and customs for his people.
[20]
See also
letter of July 24, 1878 from the Governor of Sulu to Baron de
Overbeck.
British, German, French, Dutch, and the Spaniards agree on
their spheres of influence in Southeast Asia.
[21]
December 2, 1878
Dent and Overbeck apply for a Charter of Incorporation from Queen Victoria
[22]
April 16, 1879
Acting Governor Treacher writes to the Colonial Office,
objecting to hoisting of Spanish flag over North Borneo.
November 5, 1879
Memorandum by the Duke of Tetuan to the Marquis of Salisbury.
November 1, 1881
Queen Victoria
grants Charter of Incorporation to the British North Borneo Company
British North Borneo Company now does actually exist “as a Territorial
Power” and not “as a Trading Company”
[23]
November 16, 1881
Spaniards protest granting of Royal Charter
By virtue of treaties of capitulation of 1836, 1851, and 1878, Spain exercised sovereignty over Sulu and its
dependencies including North Borneo; Sultan of
Sulu had no right to enter into any treaties or make any cessions
whatsoever
[24]
January 7, 1882
British Foreign Minister Earl Granville’s letter says Crown assumes no
dominion or sovereignty over the territories occupied by the Company, nor does
it purport to grant to the Company any powers of Government thereover.
Crown merely recognizes the grants of territory and the powers
of government made and delegated by the Sultans in whom the sovereignty remains
vested. [25]
March 7, 1885
Spanish claims to Borneo abandoned by Protocol of Sulu entered into by England, Germany
and Spain
Spanish supremacy over the Sulu Archipelago was recognised on condition of
their abandoning all claim to the portions of Northern Borneo which are now
included in the British North Borneo Company’s concessions
[26]
May 12, 1888
While civil war was ongoing in Sulu,
“State of North Borneo” is made a British protectorate
An agreement between the British North Borneo Company and Great Britain;
British Government admits the North Borneo Company derived its rights and
powers to govern the territory.
[27]
June 14, 1888
British Protectorate established over Sarawak
[28]
September 17, 1888
British Protectorate established over Brunei
[29]
1892
Jose Rizal proposes to the Spanish government to establish a Filipino colony
in Sabah. This plan, however, does not push
through.
1896
Federated Malay States
Provinces included: Negeri Sembilan, Pehang, Perak and Selangor
[30]
1894-1936
Sultan Jamalul Kiram II rules the Sultanate of Sulu
December 10, 1898
Treaty
of Paris
Spain cedes the
Philippine Islands to the United
States of America. The treaty lines did not
include North Borneo (Sabah).
[31]
1899
President Aguinaldo invites the Sultan of Sulu to join the newly-established
First Republic
of the Philippines.
Malolos Congress appointed representatives for Jolo: Benito Legarda and
Victor Papa
[32]
August 20, 1899
Kiram-Bates Treaty
Treaty acknowledged the “sovereignty of the United States over Jolo and its
dependencies”
December 5, 1899
In his
State of the Union Message, William McKinley
discusses American policy towards the Sultanate of Sulu:
The authorities of the Sulu Islands have accepted the succession of the United States to the rights of Spain, and our
flag floats over that territory. On the 10th of August, 1899, Brig. Gen. J. C.
Bates, United States
Volunteers, negotiated an agreement with the Sultan and his principal chiefs,
which I transmit herewith. By Article I the sovereignty of the United States
over the whole archipelago of Jolo and its dependencies is declared and
acknowledged.
The United States
flag will be used in the archipelago and its dependencies, on land and sea.
Piracy is to be suppressed, and the Sultan agrees to co-operate heartily with
the United States
authorities to that end and to make every possible effort to arrest and bring
to justice all persons engaged in piracy. All trade in domestic products of the
archipelago of Jolo when carried on with any part of the Philippine Islands and under the American flag shall be free,
unlimited, and undutiable. The United
States will give full protection to the
Sultan in case any foreign nation should attempt to impose upon him. The United States will not sell the island of Jolo or any other island of the Jolo
archipelago to any foreign nation without the consent of the Sultan. Salaries
for the Sultan and his associates in the administration of the islands have
been agreed upon to the amount of $760 monthly.
Article X provides that any slave in the archipelago of Jolo shall have
the right to purchase freedom by paying to the master the usual market value.
The agreement by General Bates was made subject to confirmation by the
President and to future modifications by the consent of the parties in
interest. I have confirmed said agreement, subject to the action of the
Congress, and with the reservation, which I have directed shall be communicated
to the Sultan of Jolo, that this agreement is not to be deemed in any way to
authorize or give the consent of the United States to the existence of slavery
in the Sulu archipelago. I communicate these facts to the Congress for its
information and action.
February 1, 1900
Kiram-Bates Treaty
submitted to the U.S. Senate by William McKinley:
In compliance with the resolution of the Senate of January 24, 1900, I
transmit herewith a copy of the report and all accompanying papers of Brig-Gen.
John C. Bates, in relation to the negotiations of a treaty or agreement made by
him with the Sultan of Sulu on the 20th day of August, 1899.
I reply to the request and said resolution for further information that
the payments of money provided for by the agreement will be made from the
revenues of the Philippine Islands, unless
Congress shall otherwise direct.
Such payments are not for specific services but are a part consideration
due to the Sulu tribe or nation under the agreement, and they have been
stipulated for subject to the action of Congress in conformity with the
practice of this Government from the earliest times in its agreements with the
various Indian nations occupying and governing portions of the territory
subject to the sovereignty of the United States.
Not ratified by the U.S. Senate, President Theodore Roosevelt abrogates
treaty
[33]
November 7, 1900
Convention of 1900
Consolidate the American possessions in the Sulu archipelago by including
the islands of Sibutu and Cagayan, both of which had always formed part of the
possessions of the Sulu sultanate.
[34]
November 7, 1900
British North Borneo Company obtains from Sultan of Sulu even more
territory
December 3, 1900
In his
State of the Union Message, William McKinley provides
details on the Convention of 1900:
I feel that we should not suffer to pass any opportunity to reaffirm the
cordial ties that existed between us and Spain from the time of our earliest
independence, and to enhance the mutual benefits of that commercial intercourse
which is natural between the two countries.
By the terms of the Treaty of Peace the line bounding the ceded
Philippine group in the southwest failed to include several small islands lying
westward of the Sulus, which have always been recognized as under Spanish
control. The occupation of Sibutd and Cagayan Sulu by our naval forces elicited
a claim on the part of Spain, the essential equity of which could not be
gainsaid. In order to cure the defect of the treaty by removing all possible
ground of future misunderstanding respecting the interpretation of its third
article, I directed the negotiation of a supplementary treaty, which will be
forthwith laid before the Senate, whereby Spain quits all title and claim of
title to the islands named as well as to any and all islands belonging to the
Philippine Archipelago lying outside the lines described in said third article,
and agrees that all such islands shall be comprehended in the cession of the
archipelago as fully as if they had been expressly included within those lines.
In consideration of this cession the United States is to pay to Spain the sum
of $100,000.
A bill is now pending to effect the recommendation made in my last
annual message that appropriate legislation be had to carry into execution
Article VII of the Treaty of Peace with Spain, by which the United States
assumed the payment of certain claims for indemnity of its citizens against
Spain. I ask that action be taken to fulfill this obligation.
April 22, 1903
Additional $300 a year paid for a
Confirmatory Deed stipulating that certain islands not
specifically mentioned in the Deed of 1878 had in fact been always understood
to be included therein.
[35]
November 19, 1906
Note of the U.S. Department of State to the British Embassy in Washington,
D.C.
…the US Department of State stated that Sabah was not an Imperial
possession of the British Crown, that the British North Borneo Company which
had leased Sabah from the Sultan of Sulu, did not have a national status,
and that the company did not have an administration with the standing of a
government…[36]
March 22, 1915
Carpenter Agreement:
Governor of Mindanao and Sulu Frank W. Carpenter signs an agreement with the
Sultan of Sulu which relinquishes the Sultan’s, and his heirs’, right to
temporal sovereignty, tax collection, and arbitration laws. In exchange, the
Sultan gets an allowance, a piece of land and recognition as religious leader.
[37]
May 4, 1920
Temporal Sovereignty and Ecclesiastical Authority of the Sultanate of Sulu
…Gov. Frank W. Carpenter acknowledged the temporal sovereignty and
ecclesiastical authority of the Sultanate of Sulu beyond the territorial
jurisdiction of the United States government especially with reference to the
portion of the Island of Borneo (Sabah) which is a dependency of the Sultan of
Sulu.[38]
Governor Frank W. Carpenter in a letter to the Director of Non-Christian
Tribes stresses in a letter that the signing of the Agreement meant
the “termination of all the rights of temporal sovereignty” which the
Sultan had previously exercised in Sulu within American territory without
prejudice to North Borneo.
Clarification: without prejudice or effect as to the temporal sovereignty
and ecclesiastical authority of the Sultanate beyond the territorial
jurisdiction of the U.S. Government, especially with reference to that portion
of the island of Borneo which, as a dependency of the Sultanate of Sulu is
understood to be held under lease by the Chartered Company which is known as
the British North Borneo Company.
[39]
British North Borneo Company attempts to have Sultan Jamalul Kiram to take
up residence in Sandakan to acquire a good title to the ownership of the
territories
A palace was offered in Sandakan to place himself under their protection. On
two occasions, Gov. Carpenter had to send the Chief of Police of Jolo to bring
the Sultan back from Sandakan
[40]
June 11, 1926
Bacon Bill
Rep. Bacon files bill to separate Mindanao from the Philippines.
[41]
January 2, 1930
The Boundaries Treaty of 1930
Clarifies which islands in the region belong to U.S. and which belong
to the State of North Borneo; delimits the boundary between the
Philippine Archipelago (under U.S. sovereignty) and the State of North Borneo
(under British protection)
[42]
November 15, 1935
Philippine Commonwealth is inaugurated.
1935 Constitution
Article I, National Territory:
The Philippines comprises all the territory ceded to the United States
by the Treaty of Paris concluded between the United States and Spain on the
tenth day of December, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, the limits which are
set forth in Article III of said treaty, together with all the islands embraced
in the treaty concluded at Washington between the United States and Spain on
the seventh day of November, nineteen hundred, and the treaty concluded between
the United States and Great Britain on the second day of January, nineteen
hundred and thirty, and all territory over which the present Government of the
Philippine Islands exercises jurisdiction.
June 11, 1936
Sultan of Sulu (Jamalul Kiram) dies and the question of the perpetuation of
the Sultanate is raised. Sultan Muwallil Wasit succeeds his brother but
dies before he was crowned.
[43]
Brother is the claimant though his niece Dayang-Dayang, married to Datu
Ombra, wishes to be Sultana. Quezon considers her to be the ablest of the Moros
but Mohameddan law does not permit a woman to be Sultan. Harrison points out
large portion of political sovereignty already surrendered to Wood in 1903 and
Carpenter in 1915. Quezon to recognize Sultan only as the religious head.
British North Borneo Company expressed interest because of the stipend paid by
the Company to the Sultan.
[44]
January 29, 1937
Datu Ombra Amilbangsa is proclaimed Sultan of Sulu
He is the husband of Dayang Dayang Hadji Piandao. His title becomes Sultan
Mohammed Amirul Ombra Amilbangsa. His Crown Prince is Esmail Kiram, having
given up his own present pretentions to the Sultanate
[45]
About the same time, Datu Tambuyong is proclaimed and crowned Sultan.
His title becoming, Sultan Jainal Aberin. He chose Datu Buyungan, his
brother and present husband of Tarhata Kiram as Crown Prince.
[46]
1937-1950
While Esmail Kiram I did not assume the throne, Dayang Dayang makes her
husband, Datu Ombra Amilbangsa, sultan. Datu Tambuyong is also crowned sultan
but by opposing Moro leaders.
Datu Ombra is named Sultan Amirul Ombra Amilbangsa; Datu Tambuyong is
crowned Sultan Jainal Aberin. The two claimed the sultanate from 1937-1950.
[47]
May 9, 1937
Through the efforts of Dayang Dayang, the British resume payment of
lease.
[48]
September 20, 1937
Memorandum on Administration of Affairs in Mindanao of President Quezon to
Secretary Quirino: Titles of Datus and Sultans are recognized but have no
Official Rights and Powers
[49]
October 2, 1937
Representative of Sulu Datu Amilbangsa writes to President Quezon.
Datu Amilbangsa claims that the policy as released covering this subject was
most unnecessary, as the non-recognition has already taken effect since the
abrogation of the Bates Treaty and the implantation of the Civil Government in
the regions referred to.
[50]
October 8, 1937
Three-point policy for Mindanao and Sulu letter from the Executive Secretary
Jorge Vargas to the Representative of Sulu Datu Amilbangsa.
Jorge Vargas communicates President Manuel L. Quezon’s policy to recognize
the titles of Datus and Sultans but no official rights and powers.
[51]
December 18, 1939
High Court of the State of North Borneo hands down decision in
Civil
Suit No. 169/39 in it, North Borneo Chief Justice C.F.C. Mackaskie
stated that the heirs of the sultan were legally entitled the payment for North
Borneo, which the decision calls “cession payment” on the basis of an English
translation by Maxwell and Gibson.
In the same decision, Mackaskie renders an
obiter dictum opinion
or side note, that the Philippine Government is the successor-in-sovereignty to
the Sultanate of Sulu.
This obiter dictum however, does not establish a legal precedent, and was
furthermore based on a report from the British Consul in Manila, claiming that
the Commonwealth Government had abolished the Sultanate of Sulu.
Note: The first to challenge the Maxwell & Gibson translation used by
the High Court of the State of North Borneo is Francis Burton Harrison, who
pointed out in 1946-47 that Chief Justice Mackaskie used the British
translation of the North Borneo agree which stated that the land was ceded; he
submits a different translation by Prof. Conklin, obtained through H. Otley
Beyer
[52]
April 4, 1940
Dayang Dayang renounces her claim against the Philippine Government over the
Sultanate of Sulu
[53]
1942-1945
World War II
1946
Malayan Union Created
Provinces included:
Federated Malayan States
Unfederated Malayan States (Johor, Kedah, Kalantan, Perils, Terengganu)
Malacca
Penang
[54]
June 18, 1946
American attorneys representing the heirs of the Sultan of Sulu denounce
British action of annexation of North Borneo calling it an unauthorized act of
aggression.
[55]
June 26, 1946
British North Borneo Company cedes colony to the Crown.
Thus, annexing North Borneo to the British Empire.
[56]
July 4, 1946
Inauguration of the Third Philippine Republic
July 10 (or 16), 1946
British Government annexed the territory of North Borneo as a
Crown Colony[57]
September 26, 1946
Presidential Adviser on Foreign Affairs, Francis Burton Harrison, writes a
recommendation to the Department of Foreign Affairs that the Philippines should
launch a protest against Britain’s annexation.
Francis Burton Harrison was former American Governor-General of the
Philippines. He became a Filipino Citizen in 1936 and was an advisor on Foreign
Affairs to President Manuel Roxas.
[58]
December 8, 1946
Francis Burton Harrison writes a second memorandum on the government of the
Sultanate of Sulu.
In the memorandum, Francis Burton Harrison mentions that he asked a
Professor Otley Beyer to translate the original lease of North Borneo. Beyer
translates it as the land being Leased and not as ceded.
[59]
February 27, 1947
Francis Burton Harrison:
Recommendation to Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Vice
President Elpidio Quirino
The action of the British Government in announcing on the 16th of July
(1946), just 12 days after the inauguration of the Republic of the Philippines,
a step taken by the British Government unilaterally, and without any special
notice to the Sultanate of Sulu, nor consideration of their legal rights, was
an act of political aggression, which should be promptly repudiated by the
Government of the Republic of the Philippines. The proposal to lay this case
before the United Nations should bring the whole matter before the bar of world
opinion.[60]
January 31, 1948
The Federation of Malaya was created
Malay States became British Protectorates.
Malacca and Penang remained as British Colonies.
[61]
1950-1974
Sultan Esmail Kiram assumes the throne until his death in 1974.
April 28, 1950
House of Representatives approved
Concurrent Resolution No. 42 expressing the “sense of
the Congress of the Philippines that North Borneo belongs to the heirs of the
Sultan of Sulu and the ultimate sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines
and authorizing the President (Elpidio Quirino) to conduct negotiations for the
restoration of such ownership and sovereign jurisdiction over said territory.”
The Senate did not approve the Resolution.
Reps. Macapagal (Pampanga), Rasul (Mindanao and Sulu), Escarreal (Samar),
Cases (La Union), Tizon (Samar), Tolentino (Manila), and Lacson (Manila) author
the Resolution.
[62]
September 4, 1950
Philippines advised British Government that a dispute regarding ownership
and sovereignty over North Borneo existed between the two countries.
[63]
August 30, 1955
Vice President Carlos P. Garcia and the British Ambassador to Manila signed
an agreement that provided for the employment and settlement of 5,000 skilled
and unskilled Filipino agriculturists and miners in North Borneo
Agreement not implemented as North Borneo employers feared multiple suits
arising from claims of Filipino laborers: they had found a sizable number of
Indonesians willing to work on a temporary basis
[64]
January 1957
Governor of North Borneo visits Manila to implement the 1955 labor treaty.
500-man delegation of Filipino Muslims present resolution to President Ramon
Magsaysay calling for direct negotiations with the British to return North
Borneo to the Philippines. Magsaysay did not act on the resolution.
British response: United Kingdom High Commissioner for Southeast Asia said
it would not take seriously the demands of Moros in the Philippines for certain
areas of North Borneo.
[65]
July 31, 1957
The Federation of Malaya Act was signed.
The Federation of Malaya was established as a sovereign country within the
British Commonwealth.
[66]
November 25, 1957
Muhammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu, issued a proclamation declaring the
termination of the Overbeck and Dent lease, effective January 22, 1958.
All lands were to be deemed restituted henceforth to the
Sultanate of Sulu[67]
1957
“A syndicate headed by Nicasio Osmeña acting as attorney-in-fact for the
heirs, attempted without success to negotiate with the British Foreign Office
for a lump sum payment of $15 million in full settlement of the lease
agreement.”
[68]
August 31, 1957
Peninsular Malaya granted independence by Britain
[69]
May 27, 1961
Inclusion of North Borneo (Sabah) in the concept of Malaysia after the UK
talks
It was during this time when then President Diosdado Macapagal was forced to
initiate the filing of the Philippine claim in North Borneo (Sabah) as it was
being considered as a member of the proposed concept of Malaysia broached by
Prime Minister Tengku Abduk Rahman in Singapore
[70]
February 5, 1962
Attorneys of the heirs of the Sultan of Sulu wrote to the Department of
Foreign Affairs with the desire to have the territory included as part of the
national territory of the Republic of the Philippines;
Ortiz: J.C. Orendain, acting as counsel for the heirs – regain proprietary
rights to North Borneo and that sovereignty be turned over to the Philippine
Republic
[71]
April 24, 1962
Heirs of the Sultan of Sulu ceded sovereignty rights over Sabah to the
Philippine Government
[72]
Resolution No. 321 unanimously adopted by House of Representatives, urging
President Macapagal to take the necessary steps for the recovery of North
Borneo (Sabah).
Filed by Rep. Godofredo Ramos (Aklan) the resolution read: “It is the sense
of the House of Representatives that the claim to North Borneo is legal and
valid.”
April 25, 1962
President Macapagal called Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram to Malacañan Palace
to discuss the Philippine Claim on North Borneo.
[73]
Acceptance by the Republic of the Philippines, represented by Acting
Secretary of Foreign Affairs Salvador P. Lopez of the cession and transfer of
territory of North Borneo
[74]
April 29, 1962
Ruma Bechara advised Sultan Esmail Kiram to cede to the Republic of the
Philippines the territory of North Borneo, and the full sovereignty, title and
dominion over the territory, without prejudice to such proprietary rights as
the heirs of Sultan Jamalul Kiram may have.
[75]
May 25, 1962
British Government sends a note to the Philippines asserting its claim on
Sabah; says no dispute on sovereignty and ownership of Sabah.
Note is sent by British Ambassador to the Vice President and Secretary of
Foreign Affairs Emmanuel Pelaez.
[76]
June 22, 1962
Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Salvador P. Lopez, handed a note to the
British Ambassador to Manila asserting the Philippine claim on North Borneo.
In implementation of House Resolution 321.
[77]
August 7, 1962
British Government reply to June 22, 1962 note of Philippines again
asserting its sovereignty over Sabah
Note is sent by Secretary of State to Philippine Ambassador in
London[78]
August 29, 1962
Resolution of the Ruma Bechara of Sulu authorizing the Sultan in council to
transfer his title and sovereignty over the inhabitants and territory of North
Borneo to the Republic of the Philippines
September 11, 1962
President Diosdado Macapagal issues special authorization in favor of Vice
President Emmanuel Pelaez to formally accept, on behalf of the Republic of the
Philippines, the cession or transfer of sovereignty over the territory of North
Borneo by Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu.
[79]
September 12, 1962
Heirs of the Sultan of Sulu cede all rights, proprietary, title, dominion
and sovereignty to the Republic of the Philippines
Secretary of Foreign Affairs sends Note to British Ambassador asserting that
the Philippine claim subsists despite the London agreements including North
Borneo in the Federation of Malaysia
[80]
September 27, 1962
Vice-President Emmanuel Pelaez addresses the United Nations General Assembly
We stand on what we consider to be valid legal and historical grounds. Our
claim has been put forward with sincere assurance of our desire that the issue
be settled by peaceful means, and without prejudice to the exercise of the
right of self-determination by the inhabitants of North Borneo, preferably under
United Nations auspices.
[81]
December 29, 1962
Joint UK-PHL Statement after consultations.
The Philippine and British Governments being vitally concerned in the
security and stability of South East Asia, have decided to hold conversations
about questions and problems of mutual interest. The British Government have
responded to the Philippine Government’s desire for talks, first expressed in
their note of June 22, by inviting the Philippine Government to send a
delegation to London for consultations at a mutually convenient date in
January, 1963. Recent developments have made such conversations, in the spirit
of the Manila Treaty (SEATO) and the Pacific Charter (U.N.), highly desirable.[82]
January 26, 1963
Indonesian President Sukarno pledges support to the Philippines
[83]
January 28, 1963
President Macapagal restates Philippine position on Sabah in
his SONA:
The situation is that the Philippines not only has a valid and historic
claim to North Borneo. In addition, the pursuit of the claim is itself vital to
our national security.[84]
January 28 – February 1, 1963
Talks between British and Philippine Governments held in London. See
Opening Statement by Vice-President Pelaez.
Philippines panel composed of Vice President and Foreign Affairs Secretary
Pelaez, Usec. Salvador P. Lopez, Defense Secretary Macario Peralta, Justice
Secretary Juan Liwag, Senator Raul Manglapus, Rep. Jovito Salonga and Godofredo
Ramos, and Amb. Eduardo Quintero.
[85]
February 1, 1963
Joint Final Communique issued by the Philippines and the United Kingdom
stating both their claims
[86]
March 25, 1963
Senator Sumulong dissented to the filing of the Philippine claim to Sabah.
Suggested voluntarily relinquishing whatever claims of sovereignty.
Sumulong says the claim was “tardily presented to the United Nations.” He
pointed out that our claim did not specify the particular portion of North
Borneo covered by it.
[87]
March 30, 1963
Rep. Salonga (Rizal) responds to Senator Sumulong
Claim is of the entire Republic based on respect for the rule of law, the
sanctity of contractual obligations, the sacredness of facts, and the
relentless logic of our situation in this part of the world.
[88]
June 7 – 11, 1963
Discussion between the foreign affairs secretaries of the Federation of
Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
The meeting resulted in the drafting of the Manila Accord.
[89]
July 9, 1963
Malaysia Agreement was signed.
Article I provided for the creation of the Federation of Malaysia which
included the colonies of Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak.
[90]
July 30 – August 5, 1963
MAPHILINDO (Malaya, Philippines, Indonesia) is formed, a loose consultative
body among the three countries.
July 31, 1963
Manila Accord is signed
Indonesia, the Federation of Malaya, and the Philippines sign a policy
statement agreeing to peacefully resolve the issue on North Borneo.
Ministers of the country agree to the creation of Malaysia with the support
of the people of North Borneo to be ascertained by an independent body. (UN
Secretary General)
[91]
August 5, 1963
Joint Statement by the Philippines, the Federation of Malaya, and Indonesia
The United Nations Secretary-General or his representative should ascertain
prior to the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia the wishes of the
people of Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak within the context of General
Assembly
A joint communiqué was issued by the foreign ministers of Malaysia,
Indonesia, and the Philippines stating that the inclusion of North Borneo in
the Federation of Malaysia “would not prejudice either the Philippine claim or
any right thereunder.”
[92]
August 5, 1963
Foreign Affairs Secretary Salvador P. Lopez tries to get British Government
to enter into a special arrangement to refer the dispute to the International
Court of Justice
[93]
September 9, 1963
British reply, “in view of the July 9 Agreement signed by Britain, Malaya,
North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore concerning establishment of the Federation
of Malaysia.”
[94]
September 16, 1963
Federation of Malaysia came into being as a sovereign state, with North
Borneo as one of the component states.
Since the new State of Malaysia succeeded to the interests of the British
Crown in Sabah, the Philippine claim had to be pursued against Malaysia.
[95]
President Diosdado Macapagal, after conferring with congressional leaders
and foreign policy advisers, decided to withhold recognition of the federation
until the Philippines gets formal assurances that the new Malaysia would uphold
the Manila accord.
[96]
September 17, 1963
Philippines refused to recognize Malaysia.
Both the Philippines and Indonesia rejected the UN findings and broke off
diplomatic relations with Kuala Lumpur.
[97]
1963
Referendum is conducted in North Borneo. People of North Borneo choose to
join Malaysia
[98]
January 11, 1964
Sukarno-Macapagal Joint Statement
[99]
February 5 – 10, 1964
Attempts of allies (including the U.S.A.) to mediate among the three
MAPHILINDO countries result in a series of talks in Bangkok
[100]
February 1964
Macapagal and Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Raman met in Phnom Penh. As a
result, Tunku agreed to elevate the Sabah dispute to the World Court if he
could get the Sabah leaders to go along.
[101]
March 3-6, 1964
Attempts of allies (including the U.S.A.) to mediate among the three
MAPHILINDO countries result in a series of talks in Tokyo
[102]
May 18, 1964
Establishment of Philippine-Malaysia Diplomatic Relations by the creation of
a Consulate in Kuala Lumpur.
November 19, 1964
A proposal was made by the Philippines to submit the dispute to the
International Court of Justice as a token of their adherence to the rule of law
and the UN Charter.
[103]
August 9, 1965
Singapore is expelled from the Federation of Malaysia
June 3, 1966
Malaysia reiterates its willingness to abide by the Manila Accord and the
Joint Statement of August 5, 1963
[104]
1967
Plan to destabilize North Borneo (Sabah) was made by President Ferdinand
Marcos.
August 8, 1967
Establishment of ASEAN
[105]
August – December 1967
The Jabidah unit trains for their mission to destabilize North Borneo
(Sabah)
December 30, 1967
135 of the 180 trainees of Jabidah are brought to Corregidor for “Special
Training”
March 18, 1968
Jabidah Massacre
March 28, 1968
Jabidah Expose in a privilege speech of Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr.
March 27, 1968
Constancio B. Maglana delivered a privilege speech in the House of
Representatives on the Philippine claim on Sabah
Constancio B. Maglana, a member of the House of Representatives
published
Sabah is Philippines (1969), and in a privilege speech,
apart from laying the basis for the Philippine claim, also advocated the
prosecution of the claim.
[106]
March 29,1968
Senate Minority Floor Leader Ambrosio Padilla reveals a document dated
February 1, 1968, which was a power of attorney executed by the heirs of the
Sultan of Sulu in favor of President Marcos, recognizing the authority and
power of the President to represent them in the settlement of their proprietary
rights over Sabah.
[107]
Press Secretary Jose Aspiras announced that the authority had been given to
the President as Chief Executive
[108]
Malacañang released another document, also dated February 1, 1968, in which
the President Ferdinand Marcos transferred to Foreign Affairs Secretary Narciso
Ramos, in his official capacity, the authority conferred by the heirs of the
President.
[109]
June 17, 1968
Talks between the Philippines and Malaysia opened in Bangkok
Philippine panel composition: Ambassador Gauttier Bisnar, Amb. Eduardo
Quintero, Dr. Florentino Feliciano,
Amb. Leon Ma. Guerrero and Amb. Mauro Caluigo
(Philippine Ambassador to Malaysia)
Delegation’s Term of Reference: Only one mode of settlement – elevating the
dispute to the World Court.
[110]
July 15, 1968
Malaysia rejects Philippine claim.
The position of my Government is that the Philippines has no claim at
all, that there is nothing to settle, and that there is nothing more to talk
about.[111]
July 16, 1968
Amb. Guerrero responds to Malaysian rejection
Says the Malaysian Ambassador’s “unipersonal rejection” has “single-handedly
brought our two countries to the most serious crisis in their relations.”
[112]
July 20, 1968
Upon advice of the Foreign Policy Council, President Ferdinand E. Marcos
breaks diplomatic relations with Malaysia
[113]
July 21, 1968
President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued a policy statements about the
Philippine claim
In radio-television chat, a day after the withdrawal of diplomatic corps in
Kuala Lumpur, President Ferdinand E. Marcos, reiterated the Philippine
government pacific policy in its efforts to pursue the claim and advocated the
recourse to filing the case at the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
[114]
August 28, 1968
Congress approves Senate Bill No. 954 that delinates the baselines of the
Philippines and provides that “the territory of Sabah, situated in North
Borneo, over which the Republic of the Philippines has acquired dominion
and sovereignty.”
Sent to the President for approval.
[115]
Admiral Michael Carver, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in the Far
East said his troops, ships and planes “stand squarely behind Malaysia in the
growing crises with the Philippines over Northern Sabah.”
[116]
September 18, 1968
Upon the recommendation of the Foreign Policy Council, President Marcos
signs Senate Bill No. 954. It became
Republic
Act No. 5446.
[117]
US State Department Press Officer Robert J. McCloskey said the U.S.
recognized the ownership of Malaysia over Sabah
Reactions:
Senator Roy: “a sneak betrayal of a friend and ally.”
Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr: disappointment over Washington’s “shabby and
painful treatment” of the Philippines.
Senator Ziga: U.S. action would make it lose friends in the Philippines
[118]
Marcos called U.S. Ambassador R.G. Mennen Williams and secured assurance
that U.S. would abide by her treaty commitment to defend the Philippines in
case of British or Malaysian attack.
1,000 students from the University of Malaya invaded the compound of the
Philippine embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
They stoned the building, pulled down the Philippine flag from its pole and
trampled upon it
[119]
October 15, 1968
23rd Session of the UN General Assembly, the Philippines and Malaysia
tangled in a debate on the North Borneo (Sabah) Issue
PHL policy statement: bring issue up to World Court, consistent with the
Manila Accord agreement
Malaysia policy statement: the people of Sabah had shown their desire to be
with the Federation of Malaysia; upheld the British title to Sabah based on,
“continuous occupation, administration and exercise of sovereignty, which by
itself in international law, is sufficient as a good title;” there is no
Philippine claim therefore nothing to discuss.
[120]
December 1968
Malaysia proposed that the Philippines recognize her sovereignty over Sabah
as a condition for the normalization of Philippine-Malaysian diplomatic
relations, without prejudice to the Philippines pursuing her claim.
[121]
January 22, 1969
President Ferdinand E. Marcos declares in
SONA: Philippine claim to North Borneo is justified based
on legal, historical, and moral grounds:
We will pursue the claim peacefully in keeping with the spirit of
previous understandings with Malaysia and in accordance with the principles of
national law. The claim is in the national interest and we intend to pursue it
by making use of all available peaceful resources. We are encouraged by the
fact that many of our Asian friends are helping in the search for a modus
vivendi between the Philippines and Malaysia.
December 1969
Diplomatic relations between Malaysia and the Philippines formally resume as
a result of a discussion between PM Tunku Abdul Rahman and Secretary of Foreign
Affairs Carlos P. Romulo.
September 23, 1972
Martial Law is declared
October 24, 1972
Moro National Liberation Front begins rebellion against the government
1973 Constitution
Article on National Territory reads:
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all
the islands and waters embraced therein, and all the other territories
belonging to the Philippines by historic or legal title, including the
territorial sea, the air space, the subsoil, the sea-bed, the insular shelves,
and the submarine areas over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the
internal waters of the Philippines.
1974-1986
Mahakuttah Kiram becomes Sultan in 1974, after the death of his father,
Sultan Esmail Kiram I. He rules until his death in 1986.
May 10, 1974
Memorandum Order No. 427, s. 1974
Creating a committee to handle the confirmation of the Sultan of Sulu by the
Ruma Bechara
May 13, 1974
Executive Order No. 429, S. 1974
Creating a Consultative Council on Muslim Affairs
December 23, 1976
Tripoli agreement
is signed
August 4, 1977
President Ferdinand E. Marcos gives up claim to Sabah.
At this point in Marcos’ Presidency, a legislature has not yet been convened,
therefore, President Marcos exercised full authority over Foreign Affairs
policy.
In a speech Marcos said:
The Philippine government is taking definite steps to eliminate one of
the burdens of ASEAN — the Philippine claim to Sabah.[122]
After the statement, Marcos handed draft of the “Border Crossing and Joint
Patrol Agreement” to Malaysia.
It was not signed.
[123]
Malaysians asked two things of the Philippines:
1) 1973 Constitution with its broad definition of our national territory be
amended in order to eliminate the clause, “territories belonging to the Philippines by
historic right or legal title.”
2) That R.A. 5446, particularly Section 2, be repealed.
[124]
June 25, 1980
At the ASEAN Foreign Ministers Conference in Kuala
Lumpur, MP Arturo Tolentino declared that the Philippine claim to Sabah “…is closed. We are not raising it anymore.”
[125]
Three rounds of talks between Manila and Kuala Lumpur break down with Malaysia objecting to
quid pro quo approach
of the Philippines.
Usec. of Foreign Affairs Pacifico Castro and Tan Sri Zainal meet
intermittently in Manila and Kuala Lumpur.
[126]
1982-1985
Secret talks between Minister Roberto V. Ongpin and Malaysian PM Mahathir.
[127]
November 1982
Malaysian foreign ministry said, “Just a verbal announcement of the Philippines
that it has dropped the claim is not enough. The Philippines
has not taken all the necessary steps to delete a clause in its Constitution
laying claim to Sabah.”
[128]
PM Mahathir reiterated need for PHL to drop claim in a brief interview after
speaking before the ASEAN Law Association general assembly at the University of Malaya
in Kuala Lumpur.
He said claim remained a “thorny problem” even though the Philippines is
not actively pursuing it.
[129]
May 1, 1986
Vice President and Minister for Foreign Affairs Salvador H. Laurel meets
with PM Mahathir and Foreign Minister Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen in Kuala Lumpur
Mahatir reiterated commitment to settle proprietary issue of the heirs of
the Sultan when they could agree on a single spokesperson with whom the
Malaysian government could deal.
June 1986
ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting in Manila
Usec. of Foreign Affairs Jose D. Ingles and Sec. Gen. of Malaysian Foreign
Ministry continue discussion of Sabah
question.
[130]
July 3, 1986
Debates of the Constitutional Commission
Draft proposed by Fr. Joaquin Bernas,S.J., removes “Historical right or
legal title” from the National
Territory section of the
Constitution and replacing it with, “Over which the Government exercises
Sovereignty and Jurisdiction”
Commissioner Serafin Guingona objects to this proposal saying it might be
interpreted as a dropping of our claim to Sabah.
Bernas says this was in order to adhere to generally accepted principles of
international law.
July 7, 1986
Debates of the Constitutional Commission
On second Reading the provision of National Territory which states “Over which the
Government exercises Sovereign Jurisdiction” is approved.
July 9, 1986
Debates of the Constitutional Commission
On Third Reading the provision of National
Territory which states
“Over which the Government exercises Sovereign Jurisdiction” is lost.
July 10, 1986
Debates of the Constitutional Commission
Concepcion objects to the proposed section on
National Territory thus bringing it back to
Second Reading.
Bernas proposes to change the word Exercises to has.
The Provision is approved.
February 16, 1987
1987 Constitution comes into full force and effect, in fulfilment of the
first stipulation of the Malaysians.
National Territory:
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all
the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which
the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial,
fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil,
the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and
dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
February 20, 1987
Series of meetings between Usec. of Foreign Affairs Jose D. Ingles and Tan
Sri Zainal held further talks in Kuala
Lumpur
Usec. of Foreign Affairs Jose D. Ingles and Sec. Gen. of Malaysian Foreign
Ministry continue discussion of Sabah
question.
[131]
June 27, 1987
Series of meetings between Usec. of Foreign Affairs Jose D. Ingles and
Tan Sri Zainal held further talks in Hong Kong
Usec. of Foreign Affairs Jose D. Ingles and Sec. Gen. of Malaysian Foreign
Ministry continue discussion of Sabah
question. Philippines
agreed to adopt new baseline law: Malaysians proposed agreements on border
crossing, extradition, Treaty of Friendship, and establishment of consulates.
[132]
October 23, 1987
Upon instructions from President Corazon C. Aquino, Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Raul S. Manglapus tries to unify the heirs to the sultanate.
Letter of Manglapus to Senator Santanina Rasul:
I would like to suggest that the claimants organize themselves so that
they may arrive at a common position…. Although yours is a private claim, we
have the assurance of the Malaysian government that they are ready and willing
to negotiate with the heirs of the Sultan of Sulu in order to settle this
matter.
Senator Rasul successfully brings the heirs to Malacañan Palace
and appoint representatives. However, talks were stalled when Jamalul III
dissented.
[133]
November 19, 1987
Senator Leticia Ramos-Shahani files Senate Bill no. 206 to repeal R.A. No.
5446. Says a package of bilateral treaties agreements on amity and economic
cooperation, extradition, and border-crossing and patrols, are part of a
package deal offered in exchange for the dropping of the Sabah
claim.
Certified urgent by President Corazon C. Aquino but faced stiff opposition.
It was not passed in the 8th Congress.
[134]
December 4-6, 1987
President Corazon C. Aquino and Secretary Raul S. Manglapus met with the
heirs without Jamalul Kiram III
Brief from the meeting:
They were of the opinion that Sultan Mohamad Jamalul Kiram III was
expressing his own personal views which contravene the consensus reached at the
meeting of the heirs with Secretary… Manglapus at the PICC on Friday,
December 4 and at the conference of the heirs held with President Corazon C.
Aquino at Malacañang on Saturday, December 5.[135]
August 28, 1988
Former Senator Arturo Tolentino opposed the Shahani Bill as it would drop
Sabah claim.
[136]
February 12, 1989
Sultan Mohammad Jamalal Kiram III(one of the claimnants to the throne)
revoked the resolution of August 1962 regarding the transfer of title and
sovereignty to the Republic of the Philippines.
[137]
January 11, 1993
President Fidel V. Ramos issues Executive Order No. 46 creating the
Bipartisan Executive-Legislative Advisory Council on the Sabah Issues
January 27 – 30, 1993
President Fidel V. Ramos state visit to Malaysia.
President Fidel V. Ramos makes proposal, Malaysia agrees to set up a
consulate in Sabah and Davao, respectively. Downplays North Borneo issue
despite calls from members of Congress to pursue claim
.
February 10, 1993
President Fidel V. Ramos attempts to unify the heirs to the Sultanate.
President Ramos suggested that to the representatives of the heirs that they
create a corporation called the Sulu-Sabah Development Corporation. The entity
would be the conduit of funds from the settlement of the proprietary claim over
Sabah.
[138]
July 1993
The Philippines and Malaysia sign MOU on Joint Commission on Bilateral
Cooperation
December 6-10, 1993
1st PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral Cooperation
The Meeting discussed the reciprocal establishment of Consular Offices in
the Philippines and Malaysia.
The Philippine delegation stated that the Philippine Government was still
considering possible sites for the establishment of a Consulate in East
Malaysia
The Malaysian Delegation informed that Malaysia wishes to establish a
consulate in southern Philippines. The Philippine Delegation welcomed the
Malaysian proposal. The Philippine Delegation indicated that the Philippines is
considering possible sites for a consular office in East Malaysia
[139]
March 26, 1994
President Fidel V. Ramos proposes creation of BIMP-EAGA (Brunei, Indonesia,
Malaysia, and Philippines-East ASEAN Growth Area)
1995, 10th Congress
HB 2657 – “The Philippine Exclusive Economic Zone Act of 1995”
[140]
Introduced by Rep. Manuel B. Villar, Jr.
March 28 – 29, 1995
2nd PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral Cooperation
The Malaysian side stated that the Malaysian Government has decided to
establish a Consulate General in Davao City. A formal notification would be
made to the Philippine Government and plans are for the Consulate to be set up
in May/June 1995.”
The Philippine side welcomed the decision of the Malaysian Government
and assured the Philippine Government’s full cooperation in the establishment
of the Malaysian Consulate in Davao City. The Philippine side that the
Philippine Government has yet to decide on the location of its Consulate in
east Malaysia.[141]
1995
Philippine and Malaysian governments agree to setup a consulate in Sabah and
Davao, respectively. Malaysia setup a consulate in Davao in December but the
Philippines did not push through.
[142]
May 29 – 31, 1995
3rd PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral Cooperation (JCBC)
The Meeting agreed on the need to hold regular informal consultations
between the relevant agencies of the two sides to resolve any outstanding
problem pertaining to Filipino workers and illegal immigrants
[143]
Opening Remarks by Datuk Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi, Minister of Foreign
Affairs, Malaysia for the 3rd PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation (JCBC)
Regulating the Flow of People and Goods:
….The Armed Forces and Police of our respective countries have already
concluded a historic joint patrol exercise designed to curb piracy, illegal
entry and illegal fishing in the territorial waters of the two countries. A
working group between our two countries had recently met in Sabah to deal with
border crossing matters. This is an important development which will contribute
to facilitating and regulating the flow of people and goods at the border areas
of East Malaysia and Southern Philippines…..[144]
1996
Princess Denchurain Kiram writes Prime Minister Mahatir of Malaysia asking
to increase the rental $1,000,000. She also said that she is willing to
renounce the claim if the Malaysian Government provide a fair settlement.
Proposal was refused by the Prime Minister.
[145]
September 2, 1996
Peace agreement MNLF
December 1996
Border Crossing and Joint Patrol agreements signed by the Philippines and
Malaysia.
1998, 11th Congress
HB 2973 – “Archipelagic Baselines Law of the Philippines”
Introduced by Hon. J. Apolinario L. Lozada, Jr.[146]
July 5, 1999
Executive Order No. 117 reconstituted the Bipartisan
Executive-Legislative Advisory Council on the Sabah Issues
12th Congress
HB 2031 (HB 2973 re-filed)
Introduced by Hon. J. Apolinario L. Lozada, Jr.[147]
March 1-3, 2000
4th Malaysia-PH Joint Commission for Bilateral Cooperation
Establishment of a Consulate in Sabah:
The Meeting noted Philippines’ commitment towards the establishment of a
Philippine Consulate in Sabah.[148]
January 2001
Sultan Esmail Kiram II writes Prime Minister Mahathir, through President
Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo to increase the lease fee to $855 million per annum
[149]
February 2001
PHL files for Application to Gain Access to the Pleadings at the
International Court of Justice hearing on the Ligitan-Sipadan islands dispute
between Malaysia and Indonesia in order “to preserve and safeguard its
historical and legal rights arising from its claim to sovereignty and dominion
over the territory of North Borneo.”
March 13, 2001
PHL petitions ICJ to intervene in territorial dispute over Sipadan and
Ligitan islands between Malaysia and Indonesia
March 14, 2001
Malaysian authorities reportedly expressed willingness to buy Sabah for US
$800 M
Deal supposedly initiated by heirs of the Sultan of Sulu through legal
counsel Ulka Ulama
[150]
August 9, 2001
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, upon her return from a state visit to
Malaysia, asks Vice President and Foreign Affairs Secretary Teofisto Guingona
to set up an economic and cultural office in Sabah.
Office would be similar to Manila Economic and Cultural Office in Taiwan
[151]
October 24, 2001
ICJ denies application of Philippines for intervention.
November 2001
ARMM Governor Nur Misuari ordered his troops to wage rebellion. He
escapes to Malaysia. Malaysian government extradites him back to the
Philippines
Misuari, ARMM Governor since 1996, tried to lobby for an extension of his
term set to expire in 2002. Failing, he ordered the Moro National Liberation
Front to rebel in Jolo. It is crushed.
[152]
2002
Some of the heirs meet in Malacañan Palace at the invitation of President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
According to the article, Jamalul Kiram III was recognized as the Sultan.
President Arroyo sent the letter asking for the adjustment of rent to
Sabah to the Malaysian Prime Minister
[153]
September 6, 2002
Executive Order No. 121 again reconstituted the Bipartisan
Executive-Legislative Advisory Council on the Sabah Issues
September 19, 2002
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo assures heirs of Sultan of Sulu that they
are protected.
August 2002
Reports of “heavy-handed” of Filipino deportees spark diplomatic protest
from Manila.
Philippine lawmakers support revival of claim.
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo urges officials and the public to separate
territorial dispute from issue of Filipino deportees.
13th Congress
HB 1973 – An act defining the archipelagic baselines of the Philippine
archipelago to include the Kalayaan Island Group and to conform with the
provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, amending for
the purpose Republic Act No. 3046, as amended by Republic Act No. 5446.
Introduced by Hon. Antonio V. Cuenco[154]
HB 6087 – An act defining the archipelagic baselines of the Philippine
archipelago, amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 3046, as amended by
Republic Act No. 5446.
Introduced by the Hons. Antonio V. Cuenco, Edgardo M. Chatto, Carmen L.
Cari, Jose G. Solis and Roilo S. Golez[155]
July 14-16, 2004
JCBC discusses Filipino workers in Sabah and proposes Philippines set up a
consulate in Sabah.
The Malaysian side requested the Philippine side to establish a Consulate in
Sabah as soon as possible. The Philippine side reiterated the government’s
commitment on this matter.
[156]
September 14, 2004
Executive Order No. 357 The Bipartisan Executive-Legislative Advisory
Council on the Sabah Issues was abolished and its functions transferred to
DFA
September 2005
Group calling itself the “Royal Sultanate of Sulu Archipelago’s Supreme
Council” warned Malaysian government not to entertain claims forwarded to it by
so-called Sultan Rodinood Julaspi Kiram regarding the resolution of the North
Borneo territorial issue.
April 27-28 2006
Closing Statement of Malaysian Foreign Minister Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Albar
at the 6th Malaysia-PH Joint Commission Meeting
Malaysian Foreign Minister Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Albar, in his closing
statement during the 6th Malaysia-PH Joint Commission Meeting in Kuala
Lumpur, asked Secretary Alberto G. Romulo to jointly “find ways to bring a
final conclusion to the long due bilateral matters, namely the displaced people
in Sabah and the setting up of the Philippine Consulate General in Kota
Kinabalu.”
[157]
June 3, 2006
Mohammad Fuad Abdulla Kiram I was proclaimed 35th Sultan of the Royal
Hashimite Sultanate of Sulu and Sabah with a backing of the Moro National
Liberation Front.
May 2007
Jamalul Kiram III runs unsuccessfully for Senator under Partido
Demokratikong Sosyalista ng Pilipinas (PDSP), receiving over two million votes.
PDSP coalesces with President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo’s Lakas-CMD and KAMPI to
form TEAM Unity. Ad
min
istration coalition is crushed in the
polls with only two of its bets winning, the other 10 seats are won by the
opposition.
14th Congress
HB 1202
[158]
Introduced by Hon. Antonio V. Cuenco
May 29, 2008
Nur Misuari called for the revival of North Borneo claim in Second Mindanao
Leadership Summit attended by MNLF combatants
Strong reaction from Datuk Seri Panglima Yong Teck Lee, President of the
Sabah Progressive Party urging Malaysia’s Federal Government to bring in
military, set up consulates in Mindanao and invite PHL to set up consulate in
Sabah
July 9, 2008
“Sultanate of Sulu” reportedly starts issuing birth certificates to
Filipinos in Sabah
July 27, 2008
Datu Omar negotiator of Mohammad Jamal Al Alam heirs was quoted “obtained
signatures of nine heirs relinquishing claims to Sabah” but these are denied by
claimants
Uka Ulama claimed that nobody has the power to drop the claim because there
is no more Sultan who reigns and rules over the territory.
August 10, 2008
Sulu provincial government tells Malaysia to Increase annual payment to
Jamalul Kiram III to $500M
[159]
August 20, 2008
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issues
Memorandum Circular No. 162 or “Guidelines on matters
pertaining to North Borneo (Sabah)”
No recognition of a foreign state’s sovereignty over North Borneo; any
official activity relating to North Borneo carried out only with the clearance
of or after consultations with DFA
March 10, 2009
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signs
R.A.
9522, amending R.A. 5446
In fulfilment of the second Malaysian stipulation, President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo removes mention of Sabah or North Borneo in the Archipelagic
Baselines of the Philippines la.
2010
Nur Misuari issued a statement calling the attention of Malaysia to settle
the Sabah issue.
[160]
June 2010
Sulu provincial board passed a resolution supporting the demand of heirs to
increase the yearly payment to at least $500 Million.
[161]
July 16, 2011
Supreme Court decision (GR No. 187167) upholds the baseline law
In its decision, the Supreme Court makes a conclusion of law: that R.A. 9522
did not repeal R.A. 5466, and that therefore, the Philippine claim over Sabah
is retained and can be pursued. However, since this is a conclusion of law, the
Supreme Court made its conclusion of law without explaining the reasons for its
conclusion. It makes the decision, however, binding on the government.
April 24-27, 2012
Visit to the Philippines of Malaysian House Speaker Pandikar Amin Haji Mulia
Malaysian House Speaker Pandikar Amin Haji Mulia raised the matter of the
opening of a consulate during his call on President Benigno S. Aquino III, who,
in response, instructed the Secretary of Foreign Affairs to study the proposal.
[162]
June 5, 2012
Upon returning from a visit to Malaysia, Vice-President Binay says he will
recommend to the President the setting up of a Philippine Consulate in Sabah.
(
ABS-CBNNews.com)
February 12, 2013
Followers of Jamalul Kiram numbering over 200 men landed in Laha Datu
village in Sabah on February 12, 2013.
[163]
REFERENCES
[1]
Abinales, Patricio. “Re-constructing Colonial Philippines: 1900-1910.”
1900-2000:
the Philippine Century. Manila: Philippines Free Press, 2001. p. 19.
Print.
[2]
Cesar Adib Majul:
“Muslims in the Philippines,” 1999 edition
[3]
Treacher, W.H. .
British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan,
and North Borneo.Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[4]
Abinales, Patricio. “Re-constructing Colonial Philippines: 1900-1910.”
1900-2000:
the Philippine Century. Manila: Philippines Free Press, 2001. p. 19.
Print.
[5]
Abinales, Patricio. “Re-constructing Colonial Philippines: 1900-1910.”
1900-2000:
the Philippine Century. Manila: Philippines Free Press, 2001. p. 19.
Print.; Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[6] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North
Borneo.Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[7] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North
Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[8] Treacher,
W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North
Borneo.Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[9]
Treacher, W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan,
and North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[10]
Treacher, W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan,
and North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[11]
Treacher, W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan,
and North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[12]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[13]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[14]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[15] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.
Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.; Original Document:
December 1878 Statement and Application of Debt of Dent and Overbeck to the
Marquis of Salisbury
[16] Treacher,
W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.
Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.; The Philippine
claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents.. Diliman, Quezon
City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies, University of the
Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[17]
U.P. Law Center –
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo
(Sabah): Materials and Documents
[18]
U.P. Law Center -
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo
(Sabah): Materials and Documents
[19]
U.P. Law Center -
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo (Sabah):
Materials and Documents
[20]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print. ; Treacher, W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai,
Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department,
1891. Print.
[21]
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
Two, Part One). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
[22]
U.P. Law Center –
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo
(Sabah): Materials and Documents
[23] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North
Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.;
Ortiz,
Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[24] Ortiz,
Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[25]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[26] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North
Borneo.Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[27] Ortiz,
Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[28] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North
Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[29] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North
Borneo.Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[30]
Tarling, Nicholas. The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume Two, Part
One). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
[31]
Bautista Lowell B. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the
Philippine Treaty Limits”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal.
2008
[32]
Agoncillo, Teodoro A..
Malolos: the crisis of the Republic.
Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1960. Print.
[33]
Bautista Lowell B. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the
Philippine Treaty Limits”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal.
2008
[34]
Bautista Lowell B. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the
Philippine Treaty Limits”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 2008
[35]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[36]
Letter of Diosdado Macapagal to Sen. Leticia Ramos-Shahani dated
May 1, 1989
[37]
Harrison, Francis Burton. The Cornerstone of Philippine Independence, A
Narrative of Seven Years. 1922. Reprint. Michigan: UMI Books on Demand, 2002.
Print
[38]
Letter of Diosdado Macapagal to Sen. Leticia Ramos-Shahani dated
May 1, 1989
[39]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[40]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[41]
Fry, Howard T. “The Bacon Bill of 1926: New Light on an Exercise in
Divide-and-Rule” Philippine Studies Journal. 1978; Churchill, Bernardita R. The
Philippine Independence Missions to the United States 1919-1934 (1983 NHI)
[42]
Bautista Lowell B. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the
Philippine Treaty Limits”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal.
2008
[43] The
Sunday Times, 9 May 1937 p. 10
[44]
Harrison, Francis Burton. The Cornerstone of Philippine Independence, A
Narrative of Seven Years. 1922. Reprint. Michigan: UMI Books on Demand, 2002.
Print
[45] Philippine
Magazine Volume XXXIV No.3 (March 1937)
[46] Philippine
Magazine Volume XXXIV No.3 (March 1937)
[47] Sunday
Times, May 9, 1937
[48] Sunday
Times Article, May 9, 1937
[49] Memorandum of President Manuel L. Quezon
[50]
Original Document: Letter of Rep. Amilbangsa to President Manuel L. Quezon
[51]
Original Document: Manuel L. Quezon letter to Executive Secretary Jorge Vargas
[52]
Newspaper article: Sydney Morning Herald; Original Document: Harrison letter to
Vice President Elpidio Quirino dated February 27, 1947
[53]
United Press Article, 1940
[54]
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
Two, Part Two).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
[55]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another Look”
Philippine
Studies. (1988) Print.
[56]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.; Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal
Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine Studies. 11.1
(1963): 18-64. Print.
[57]
Macapagal, Diosdado. “
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a President”
(1968); Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[58]
Original Document:
Harrison letter to Vice President Elpidio Quirino dated
February 27, 1947
[59]
Original Document: Harrison letter to Vice President Elpidio Quirino dated
February 27, 1947
[60]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[61]
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
Two, Part Two).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
[62]
Tolentino, Arturo M
. Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[63]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[64]
Milton Walter Mayer.
A Diplomatic History of the Philippine Republic:
The First Years 1946-1961.
[65]
Milton Walter Mayer.
A Diplomatic History of the Philippine Republic:
The First Years 1946-1961.
[66]
Original Document: Federation of Malaya Act
[67]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[68]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[69]
Original Document: Federation of Malaya Independence Act
[70]
Fernandez, Erwin S.,
Philippine-Malaysia Dispute over Sabah: A
Bibliographic Survey. Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Vol.7 No. 2, December 2007
[71]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.; Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo
Question.”
Philippine Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[72]
U.P. Law Center – The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo (Sabah):
Materials and Documents
[73]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[74]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.; DFA. “
A Study on
the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[75]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[76]
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo: Materials and Documents;
Macapagal, Diosdado. “
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a
President” (1968);
[77]
Macapagal, Diosdado.
“A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a
President” (1968);Tolentino, Arturo M. Voice of Dissent. Quezon City:
Phoenix Pub. House, 1990. (Print.)
[78]
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo: Materials and Documents
[79]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[80]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[81]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[82]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.; The Philippine claim to a
portion of North Borneo: materials and documents.. Diliman, Quezon City,
Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies, University of the
Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[83]
Macapagal, Diosdado. “
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a President” (1968);
[84]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[85]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[86]
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo: Materials and
Documents..Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal
Studies, University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[87]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[88]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[89]
Philippine Claim to Sabah (North Borneo) Vol. II
[90]
Original Document: Agreement relating to Malaysia, 1963
[91]
Original Document: Manila Accord sign on July 31, 1963 by President Soekarno,
President Macapagal, and Prime Minister Tunku.
[92]
Original Document: Joint Statement of the Philippines, Federation of Malaya,
and Indonesia
[93]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[94]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[95]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[96]
Jose, Abueva, and de Guzaman Raul.
Foundations and Dynamics of the Filipino
Government and Politics. Quezon City: Bookmark, 1969. Print.
[97]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.; Jose, Abueva, and
de Guzaman Raul.
Foundations and Dynamics of the Filipino Government and
Politics. Quezon City:
[98]
Severino, Rodolfo.
Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating
Its National Territory(2011); Flores, Jeremia C. et. al. “The Legal
Implications of the Unilateral Dropping of the Sabah Claim”
Philippine Law
Journal. (1982)
[99]
Macapagal, Diosdado. “
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a President”
(1968);
[100]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another Look”
Philippine
Studies. (1988) Print.,
[101]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[102]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.,
[103]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.,
[104]
Flores, Jeremia C. et. al. “The Legal Implications of the Unilateral Dropping
of the Sabah Claim”
Philippine Law Journal. (1982)
[105]
ASEAN Bangkok Declaration
[106]
Fernandez, Erwin S.,
Philippine-Malaysia Dispute over Sabah: A Bibliographic
Survey.Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature, University of the
Philippines, Diliman, Vol.7 No. 2, December 2007
[107]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[108]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[109]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[110]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.; Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on
North Borneo: Another Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.,
[111]
Tolentino, Arturo M. Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub. House, 1990.
Print.; Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.
[112]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.; Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North
Borneo: Another Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.
[113]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[114]
Fernandez, Erwin S.,
Philippine-Malaysia Dispute over Sabah: A
Bibliographic Survey. Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Vol.7 No. 2, December 2007
[115]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[116]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[117]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[118]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[119]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[120]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[121]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[122]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.; Severino, Rodolfo.
Where in the World Is the
Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory (2011)
[123]
DFA
[124]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[125]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[126]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[127]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[128]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[129]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[130]
DFA
[131]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[132]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[133]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February
21, 2013
[134]
Tolentino, Arturo M
. Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[135]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February
21, 2013
[136]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[137]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[138]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February
21, 2013
[139]
Agreed Minutes of the 1st PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation
[140]
The Philippine Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) as declared under P.D. No. 1599
charts the exclusive economic zone to extend two hundred (200) nautical miles
from the baselines which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
The act is focused more on the economic aspects of setting an exclusive
economic zone and not territorial boundaries.
[141]
Agreed Minutes of the 2nd PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation
[142]
Severino, Rodolfo.
Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating
Its National Territory (2011)
[143]
Agreed Minutes of the 3rd PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation (JCBC)
[144]
Agreed Minutes of the 3rd PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation (JCBC)
[145]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February 21,
2013
[146]
An act defining the archipelagic baselines of the Philippine archipelago to include
the Kalayaan Island Group and to conform with the provisions of the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, amending for the purpose Republic Act
No. 3046, as amended by Republic Act No. 5446.
[147]
Bill is exactly the same as HB 2973
[148]
Agreed Minutes of the 4th Malaysia-PH Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation
[149]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February 21,
2013
[150]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[151]
Tordesillas, Ellen. “Ermita’s Sabah memo.” Malaya September 12, 2008
[152]
Abinales, P. N., and Donna J. Amoroso.
State and Society in the
Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005.
Print.
[153]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February
21, 2013
[154]
Has exactly the same Explanatory Note as Lozada’s HB 2973 and HB 2031.
Section three cites Part IV of the 1982 UNCLO, absent in Lozada’s version.
Lists the geographical coordinates with the location basepoints of the
archipelagic baselines of the Philippines with some alterations from Lozada’s
version.
Section four cites Article 121 of the 1982 UNCLOS on the territorial sea and
contiguous zone of the Scarborough Shoal, otherwise know as Panacot Shoal or
Bajo de Masinloc.
Includes “Without Prejudice Clause” (Sec. 5) and tasks the National Mapping
and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) to produce and publish charts and
maps representing the delineation of maritime zones set forth in the act (Sec.
6).
Substituted by HB 6087
[155]
Notes: Deletes Cuenco insertion in Section three.
Complies with the requirements if the UNCLOS.
Lists the geographical coordinates with the location basepoints of the
archipelagic baselines of the Philippines following Cuenco’s HB 1973.
Proposes that the Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) be declared Regime of Islands
under the UNCLOS and the Scarborough Shoal or Bajo de Masinloc be enclosed
within the baselines of the main archipelago.
Provides a “No Prejudice Clause” on any claims to any contested portions of
the national territory or maritime zones and jurisdictions of the country.
Provides, likewise, a “Vested Interest Rights Clause” for the recognition of
existing and the enforcement of claims by local government unite to an extended
continental shelf under the UNCLOS as well as on allotments and shares in the
income generated from natural resources within the national territory by virtue
of R.A. 7160 (Local Code of 1991, as amended) which are delineated prior to
this proposed Act.
Tasks the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) to
produce and publish charts and maps representing the delineation of maritime
zones set forth in the act (Sec. 8)
[156]
Agreed Minutes of the 5th PH-Malaysia Joint Commission Meeting
[157]
OUSOC Memorandum dated 16 May 2012 on the Establishment of a Consulate in Sabah
[158]
An act defining the archipelagic baselines of the Philippine archipelago,
amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 3046, as amended by Republic Act No.
5446.
Note: Seeks to amend R.A. 3046 as amended by R.A. 5446 by drawing straight
baselines on the outermost points of Scarborough Shoal and joining them with
the baselines defined under R.A. 3046, as amended.
Lists the geographical coordinates with the location basepoints of the
archipelagic baselines of the Philippines following HB 6087 (Cuenco, et al).
Includes the Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) as regime of islands, with some
amendments to conform with the criteria set under Article 47 if the UNCLOS.
(Sec. 4)
Seeks to establish new baseline laws of the Philippines to serve as basis
from which to draw the 12-mile territorial sea, the 24-mile contiguous zone and
the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), as provided under UNCLOS.
Provides “Without Prejudice Clause” (Sec. 5) and “Vested Rights” (Sec. 6).
Tasks the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) to produce
and publish charts and maps representing the delineation of maritime zones set
forth in the act (Sec. 8).
Seeks appropriations to carry out the provisions of the act, either through
a supplemental budget or inclusion in the General Appropriations Act.
Substituted by HB 3216
[159]
DFA
[160]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February 21,
2013
[161]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February 21,
2013
[162]
ASPAC Memorandum dated May 17, 2012, on the Establishment of a Consulate in
Sabah
[163]
Lapeña, Carmela G. “Timeline: The centuries-old tug-of-war over Sabah” GMA.
February 18, 2013.
Works Cited
Books
Abinales, P. N., and Donna J. Amoroso.
State and Society in the
Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005. Print.
Abinales, Patricio. “Re-constructing Colonial Philippines: 1900-1910.”
1900-2000:
the Philippine Century. Manila: Philippines Free Press, 2001. p. 19.
Print.
Abueva, Jose, and de Guzman, Raul.
Foundations and Dynamics of the
Filipino Government and Politics. Quezon City: Bookmark, 1969. Print.
Agoncillo, Teodoro A..
Malolos: the crisis of the Republic.
Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1960. Print.
Aruego, Jose M. .
The Framing of the Philippine Constitution.
Manila: University Publishing Co., Inc., 1936. Print.
Bernas, Joaquin G..
The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines: A Commentary. 2003 ed. Manila, Philippines: Published &
distributed by Rex Book Store, 2003. Print.
Churchill, Bernardita Reyes.
The Philippine independence missions
to the United States, 1919-1934.Manila, Philippines: National Historical
Institute, 1983. Print.
Harrison, Francis Burton .
Origins of the Philippine Public:
Extracts from the Diaries and Records of Francis Burton Harrison.
Michigan: UMI Books on Demand, 2002. Print.
Harrison, Francis Burton.
The Cornerstone of Philippine
Independence, A Narrative of Seven Years. 1922. Reprint. Michigan: UMI
Books on Demand, 2002. Print.
Hayden, Joseph Ralston.
The Philippines: a Study in National
Development. 1942 ed. New York: Arno Press, 1972. Print.
Institute, Foreign Service .
Diplomatic Agenda of Philippine
Presidents 1946-1985. Manila: Foreign Service Institute, 1985. Print.
Macapagal, Diosdado.
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a
President. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1968. Print.
Majul, Cesar Adib.
Muslims in the Philippines. 1973. Reprint.
Quezon City: Published for the Asian Center by the University of the
Philippines Press, 1999. Print.
McKenna, Thomas M..
Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and
Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. 1998. Reprint. Manila: Anvil
Publishing, 2002. Print.
Printing, Bureau of.
Messages of the President, Volume 2 Part 2.
Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1937. Print.
Reynolds, Quentin James, and Geoffrey Bocca.
Macapagal, The
Incorruptible. New York: D. McKay Co., 1965. Print.
Severino, Rodolfo.
Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating
Its National Territory. Manila: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
2011. Print.
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
Two, Part Two). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast
Asia (Volume Two, Part One). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press, 1999. Print.
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
One, Part Two). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and
documents. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of
International Legal Studies, University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003.
Print.
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
Treacher, W.H. .
British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak,
Labuan, and North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891.
Print.
Journals
Bautista, Lowell. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the Philippine
Treaty Limits.”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 10.no.1
(2008): n. .pag.
Social Science Research Network. Web. 21 Feb.
2013.
Fry, Howard T.. “The Bacon Bill of 1926: New Light on an Exercise in
Divide-and-Rule.”
Philippine Studies26.no.3 (1978). Print.
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
Flores, Jeremia C., Clarencia S. Reyes, and Rodolfo C. Sabio. “The Legal
Implications of the Unilateral Dropping of the Sabah Claim.”
Philippine
Law Journal 57.1 (1982): 78-103. Print.
Newspapers
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff.”
Business World [Manila]
21 Feb. 2013: n. pag.
Business World Online. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
Sydney Morning Herald. “Philippines May Lay Claim to British Colony.”
Sydney
Morning Herald 18 July 1946: 3. Print.
The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. “Moro Princess Renounces
Her Land Claims.”
The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser 24
Apr. 1940: 4. Print.
The Sunday Times. “School Teacher Proclaimed Sultan.”
The Sunday
Times [Singapore] 20 Dec. 1936: p.18.
National Library
Singapore. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
ZamboTimes . “Sovereignty over Sabah, the real reigning Sultan: Sultan
Rodinood – ZamboTimes.”
ZamboTimes . N.p., 16 Sept.
2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Websites
British North Borneo. “British Borneo Treaties.”
Lawnet. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
.
“Hadji Rodinood M. Sultan Julaspi Kiram – reigning 29th Sultan of
Sulu.”
Sovereign Sulu. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013.
.
“History of the Royal House of Sulu.”
Official website of the Royal
House of Sulu. N.p., 20 Dec. 1936. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Quezon III, Manuel L. “Repulsion and Colonization”.
Manuel L.
Quezon III . N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Quezon III, Manuel L. “The perils of partition .”
Manuel L. Quezon
III . N.p., 11 Aug. 2008. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Quezon III, Manuel L.”Greater Malaysia.”
Manuel L. Quezon III.
N.p., 15 Aug. 2008. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Sauler, Erika. “Royal Sultan Sulu & Sabah.”
Tropical Paradise
of North Borneo Sabah. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Sidayu, Agung. “Governor of Sulu Philippines recognized HM Sultan Fuad A
Kiram I | PRLog.”
Free Press Release Distribution Service. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
“Short History of the Sulu Sultanate.”
Sovereign Sulu. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
.
Letters/ Memoranda
Quezon, Manuel Luis.
Powers of the Commissioner of Mindanao and Sulu.
Letter to Hon. Apolonio D. Curato, 28 July 1936.
Quezon, Manuel Luis.
Administration of Affairs in Mindanao. Memorandum
for the Secretary of the Interior, 20 September 1937.
Vargas, Jorge B.
Three-Point Policy for Mindanao and Sulu. Letter to
Hon. Ombra Amilbangsa, 8 October 1937.
Macapagal, Diosdado.
Letter of Diosdado Macapagal to Sen. Leticia
Ramos-Shahani. 1 May 1989.
Speeches
Quezon, Manuel L.
“Development of Mindanao.” Visit of the National
Assembly to Lanao. Camp Keithley, Lanao. 6 June 1936. Speech.
Ramos, Narciso. “Philippine Policy Statement in the United Nations:
Philippines Brings the Sabah Dispute to the U.N.” United Nations General
Assembly, 23rd Session. Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the
Philippines. New York, New York. 15 Oct. 1968. Speech.
Salonga, Jovito R.. “A Point-by-Point Reply to the Sumulong Report on the
Philippine Claim to North Borneo.” Anglo-Philippine Talks . Legal Committee of
the Philippine Delegation to the Anglo-Philippine Talks. London, London. 30
Mar. 1963. Speech.
Tolentino, Arturo M.. “The Philippines Challenges Malaysia to Bring the
Sabah Issue to the World Court.” 23rd Plenary Session of the United Nations
General Assembly. Philippine Delegation to the United Nations. New York, New
York. 25 Oct. 1968. Speech.
Government Sources
Foreign Service Institute.
The North Borneo Claim: Options for the
Philippines. Meeting of the Informal Working Group on Sabah: Center for
International Relations and Strategic Studies, 2008. Print.
The Republic of the Philippines. A Study on the Claim to North Borneo
(Sabah). 20 March 2012. Print.
Maglana, Constancio.
Sabah is Philippines. Manila: The Bureau
of Printing, 1968. Print.
Medvedev, Datu Sadja Michael Y. . “History of the Royal House of
Sulu.”
Official website of the Royal House of Sulu. N.p., 20 Dec.
1936. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Printing, Bureau of .
Philippine Claim to North Borneo, Volume II.
Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1967. Print.
Printing, Bureau of.
Philippine Claim to North Borneo. Manila:
Bureau of Printing , Volume i, 1963. Print.
-
See more at:
http://globalnation.inquirer.net/66281/north-borneo-sabah-an-annotated-timeline-1640s-present#sthash.a1SyN6QQ.dpuf
[1]
Abinales, Patricio. “Re-constructing Colonial Philippines: 1900-1910.”
1900-2000:
the Philippine Century. Manila: Philippines Free Press, 2001. p. 19.
Print.
[2]
Cesar Adib Majul:
“Muslims in the Philippines,” 1999 edition
[3]
Treacher, W.H. .
British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan,
and North Borneo.Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[4]
Abinales, Patricio. “Re-constructing Colonial Philippines: 1900-1910.”
1900-2000:
the Philippine Century. Manila: Philippines Free Press, 2001. p. 19.
Print.
[5]
Abinales, Patricio. “Re-constructing Colonial Philippines: 1900-1910.”
1900-2000:
the Philippine Century. Manila: Philippines Free Press, 2001. p. 19.
Print.; Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[6] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.Singapore:
Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[7] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.
Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[8] Treacher,
W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.Singapore:
Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[9]
Treacher, W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and
North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891.
Print.
[10]
Treacher, W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and
North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891.
Print.
[11]
Treacher, W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and
North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891.
Print.
[12]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[13]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[14]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[15] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.
Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.; Original Document:
December 1878 Statement and Application of Debt of Dent and Overbeck to the
Marquis of Salisbury
[16] Treacher,
W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.
Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.; The Philippine
claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents.. Diliman, Quezon
City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies, University of the
Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[17]
U.P. Law Center –
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo
(Sabah): Materials and Documents
[18]
U.P. Law Center -
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo
(Sabah): Materials and Documents
[19]
U.P. Law Center -
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo
(Sabah): Materials and Documents
[20]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print. ; Treacher, W.H. . British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai,
Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department,
1891. Print.
[21]
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
Two, Part One). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
[22]
U.P. Law Center –
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo
(Sabah): Materials and Documents
[23] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.
Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.;
Ortiz,
Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[24] Ortiz,
Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[25]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[26] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.Singapore:
Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[27] Ortiz,
Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.” Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[28] Treacher, W.H.
. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.
Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[29] Treacher, W.H.
. British
Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo.Singapore:
Government Printing Department, 1891. Print.
[30]
Tarling, Nicholas. The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume Two, Part
One). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
[31]
Bautista Lowell B. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the
Philippine Treaty Limits”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal.
2008
[32]
Agoncillo, Teodoro A..
Malolos: the crisis of the Republic.
Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1960. Print.
[33]
Bautista Lowell B. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the
Philippine Treaty Limits”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal.
2008
[34]
Bautista Lowell B. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the
Philippine Treaty Limits”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 2008
[35]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[36]
Letter of Diosdado Macapagal to Sen. Leticia Ramos-Shahani dated
May 1, 1989
[37]
Harrison, Francis Burton. The Cornerstone of Philippine Independence, A
Narrative of Seven Years. 1922. Reprint. Michigan: UMI Books on Demand, 2002.
Print
[38]
Letter of Diosdado Macapagal to Sen. Leticia Ramos-Shahani dated
May 1, 1989
[39]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[40]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[41]
Fry, Howard T. “The Bacon Bill of 1926: New Light on an Exercise in
Divide-and-Rule” Philippine Studies Journal. 1978; Churchill, Bernardita R. The
Philippine Independence Missions to the United States 1919-1934 (1983 NHI)
[42]
Bautista Lowell B. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the
Philippine Treaty Limits”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal.
2008
[43] The
Sunday Times, 9 May 1937 p. 10
[44]
Harrison, Francis Burton. The Cornerstone of Philippine Independence, A
Narrative of Seven Years. 1922. Reprint. Michigan: UMI Books on Demand, 2002.
Print
[45] Philippine
Magazine Volume XXXIV No.3 (March 1937)
[46] Philippine
Magazine Volume XXXIV No.3 (March 1937)
[47] Sunday
Times, May 9, 1937
[48] Sunday
Times Article, May 9, 1937
[49] Memorandum of President Manuel L. Quezon
[50]
Original Document: Letter of Rep. Amilbangsa to President Manuel L. Quezon
[51]
Original Document: Manuel L. Quezon letter to Executive Secretary Jorge Vargas
[52]
Newspaper article: Sydney Morning Herald; Original Document: Harrison letter to
Vice President Elpidio Quirino dated February 27, 1947
[53]
United Press Article, 1940
[54]
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
Two, Part Two).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
[55]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another Look”
Philippine
Studies. (1988) Print.
[56]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.; Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal
Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine Studies. 11.1
(1963): 18-64. Print.
[57]
Macapagal, Diosdado. “
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a President”
(1968); Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[58]
Original Document:
Harrison letter to Vice President Elpidio Quirino dated
February 27, 1947
[59]
Original Document: Harrison letter to Vice President Elpidio Quirino dated
February 27, 1947
[60]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[61]
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
Two, Part Two).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
[62]
Tolentino, Arturo M
. Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[63]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[64]
Milton Walter Mayer.
A Diplomatic History of the Philippine Republic:
The First Years 1946-1961.
[65]
Milton Walter Mayer.
A Diplomatic History of the Philippine Republic:
The First Years 1946-1961.
[66]
Original Document: Federation of Malaya Act
[67]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[68]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[69]
Original Document: Federation of Malaya Independence Act
[70]
Fernandez, Erwin S.,
Philippine-Malaysia Dispute over Sabah: A
Bibliographic Survey. Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Vol.7 No. 2, December 2007
[71]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.; Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo
Question.”
Philippine Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[72]
U.P. Law Center – The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo (Sabah):
Materials and Documents
[73]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[74]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.; DFA. “
A Study on
the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[75]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[76]
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo: Materials and Documents;
Macapagal, Diosdado. “
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a
President” (1968);
[77]
Macapagal, Diosdado.
“A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a
President” (1968);Tolentino, Arturo M. Voice of Dissent. Quezon City:
Phoenix Pub. House, 1990. (Print.)
[78]
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo: Materials and Documents
[79]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[80]
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and documents..
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies,
University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[81]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
[82]
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies. 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.; The Philippine claim to a
portion of North Borneo: materials and documents.. Diliman, Quezon City,
Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies, University of the
Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[83]
Macapagal, Diosdado. “
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a President” (1968);
[84]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[85]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[86]
The Philippine Claim to a portion of North Borneo: Materials and
Documents..Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal
Studies, University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003. Print.
[87]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub. House,
1990. Print.
[88]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[89]
Philippine Claim to Sabah (North Borneo) Vol. II
[90]
Original Document: Agreement relating to Malaysia, 1963
[91]
Original Document: Manila Accord sign on July 31, 1963 by President Soekarno,
President Macapagal, and Prime Minister Tunku.
[92]
Original Document: Joint Statement of the Philippines, Federation of Malaya,
and Indonesia
[93]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[94]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[95]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[96]
Jose, Abueva, and de Guzaman Raul.
Foundations and Dynamics of the Filipino
Government and Politics. Quezon City: Bookmark, 1969. Print.
[97]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.; Jose, Abueva, and
de Guzaman Raul.
Foundations and Dynamics of the Filipino Government and
Politics. Quezon City:
[98]
Severino, Rodolfo.
Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating
Its National Territory(2011); Flores, Jeremia C. et. al. “The Legal Implications
of the Unilateral Dropping of the Sabah Claim”
Philippine Law Journal. (1982)
[99]
Macapagal, Diosdado. “
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a President”
(1968);
[100]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.,
[101]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[102]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.,
[103]
Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.,
[104]
Flores, Jeremia C. et. al. “The Legal Implications of the Unilateral Dropping
of the Sabah Claim”
Philippine Law Journal. (1982)
[105]
ASEAN Bangkok Declaration
[106]
Fernandez, Erwin S.,
Philippine-Malaysia Dispute over Sabah: A Bibliographic
Survey.Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature, University of the
Philippines, Diliman, Vol.7 No. 2, December 2007
[107]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[108]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[109]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[110]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.; Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on
North Borneo: Another Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.,
[111]
Tolentino, Arturo M. Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub. House, 1990.
Print.; Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North Borneo: Another
Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.
[112]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.; Parpan S.J., Alfredo G. “The Philippine Claim on North
Borneo: Another Look”
Philippine Studies. (1988) Print.
[113]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[114]
Fernandez, Erwin S.,
Philippine-Malaysia Dispute over Sabah: A
Bibliographic Survey. Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Vol.7 No. 2, December 2007
[115]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[116]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[117]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[118]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[119]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[120]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
[121]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[122]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.; Severino, Rodolfo.
Where in the World Is the
Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory (2011)
[123]
DFA
[124]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[125]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[126]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[127]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[128]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[129]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[130]
DFA
[131]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[132]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[133]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February
21, 2013
[134]
Tolentino, Arturo M
. Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[135]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February
21, 2013
[136]
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix Pub.
House, 1990. Print.
[137]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[138]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February
21, 2013
[139]
Agreed Minutes of the 1st PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation
[140]
The Philippine Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) as declared under P.D. No. 1599
charts the exclusive economic zone to extend two hundred (200) nautical miles
from the baselines which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
The act is focused more on the economic aspects of setting an exclusive
economic zone and not territorial boundaries.
[141]
Agreed Minutes of the 2nd PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation
[142]
Severino, Rodolfo.
Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating
Its National Territory (2011)
[143]
Agreed Minutes of the 3rd PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation (JCBC)
[144]
Agreed Minutes of the 3rd PH-Malaysia Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation (JCBC)
[145]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February 21,
2013
[146]
An act defining the archipelagic baselines of the Philippine archipelago to
include the Kalayaan Island Group and to conform with the provisions of the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, amending for the purpose
Republic Act No. 3046, as amended by Republic Act No. 5446.
[147]
Bill is exactly the same as HB 2973
[148]
Agreed Minutes of the 4th Malaysia-PH Joint Commission for Bilateral
Cooperation
[149]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February 21,
2013
[150]
DFA. “A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).”
[151]
Tordesillas, Ellen. “Ermita’s Sabah memo.” Malaya September 12, 2008
[152]
Abinales, P. N., and Donna J. Amoroso.
State and Society in the
Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005.
Print.
[153]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February
21, 2013
[154]
Has exactly the same Explanatory Note as Lozada’s HB 2973 and HB 2031.
Section three cites Part IV of the 1982 UNCLO, absent in Lozada’s version.
Lists the geographical coordinates with the location basepoints of the
archipelagic baselines of the Philippines with some alterations from Lozada’s
version.
Section four cites Article 121 of the 1982 UNCLOS on the territorial sea and
contiguous zone of the Scarborough Shoal, otherwise know as Panacot Shoal or
Bajo de Masinloc.
Includes “Without Prejudice Clause” (Sec. 5) and tasks the National Mapping
and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) to produce and publish charts and
maps representing the delineation of maritime zones set forth in the act (Sec.
6).
Substituted by HB 6087
[155]
Notes: Deletes Cuenco insertion in Section three.
Complies with the requirements if the UNCLOS.
Lists the geographical coordinates with the location basepoints of the
archipelagic baselines of the Philippines following Cuenco’s HB 1973.
Proposes that the Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) be declared Regime of Islands
under the UNCLOS and the Scarborough Shoal or Bajo de Masinloc be enclosed
within the baselines of the main archipelago.
Provides a “No Prejudice Clause” on any claims to any contested portions of
the national territory or maritime zones and jurisdictions of the country.
Provides, likewise, a “Vested Interest Rights Clause” for the recognition of
existing and the enforcement of claims by local government unite to an extended
continental shelf under the UNCLOS as well as on allotments and shares in the
income generated from natural resources within the national territory by virtue
of R.A. 7160 (Local Code of 1991, as amended) which are delineated prior to
this proposed Act.
Tasks the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) to produce
and publish charts and maps representing the delineation of maritime zones set
forth in the act (Sec. 8)
[156]
Agreed Minutes of the 5th PH-Malaysia Joint Commission Meeting
[157]
OUSOC Memorandum dated 16 May 2012 on the Establishment of a Consulate in Sabah
[158]
An act defining the archipelagic baselines of the Philippine archipelago, amending
for the purpose Republic Act No. 3046, as amended by Republic Act No. 5446.
Note: Seeks to amend R.A. 3046 as amended by R.A. 5446 by drawing straight
baselines on the outermost points of Scarborough Shoal and joining them with
the baselines defined under R.A. 3046, as amended.
Lists the geographical coordinates with the location basepoints of the
archipelagic baselines of the Philippines following HB 6087 (Cuenco, et al).
Includes the Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) as regime of islands, with some amendments
to conform with the criteria set under Article 47 if the UNCLOS. (Sec. 4)
Seeks to establish new baseline laws of the Philippines to serve as basis
from which to draw the 12-mile territorial sea, the 24-mile contiguous zone and
the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), as provided under UNCLOS.
Provides “Without Prejudice Clause” (Sec. 5) and “Vested Rights” (Sec. 6).
Tasks the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) to
produce and publish charts and maps representing the delineation of maritime
zones set forth in the act (Sec. 8).
Seeks appropriations to carry out the provisions of the act, either through
a supplemental budget or inclusion in the General Appropriations Act.
Substituted by HB 3216
[159]
DFA
[160]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February 21,
2013
[161]
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff”
Businessworld. February 21,
2013
[162]
ASPAC Memorandum dated May 17, 2012, on the Establishment of a Consulate in
Sabah
[163]
Lapeña, Carmela G. “Timeline: The centuries-old tug-of-war over Sabah” GMA.
February 18, 2013.
Works Cited
Books
Abinales, P. N., and Donna J. Amoroso.
State and Society in the
Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005. Print.
Abinales, Patricio. “Re-constructing Colonial Philippines: 1900-1910.”
1900-2000:
the Philippine Century. Manila: Philippines Free Press, 2001. p. 19.
Print.
Abueva, Jose, and de Guzman, Raul.
Foundations and Dynamics of the
Filipino Government and Politics. Quezon City: Bookmark, 1969. Print.
Agoncillo, Teodoro A..
Malolos: the crisis of the Republic.
Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1960. Print.
Aruego, Jose M. .
The Framing of the Philippine Constitution.
Manila: University Publishing Co., Inc., 1936. Print.
Bernas, Joaquin G..
The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines: A Commentary. 2003 ed. Manila, Philippines: Published &
distributed by Rex Book Store, 2003. Print.
Churchill, Bernardita Reyes.
The Philippine independence missions
to the United States, 1919-1934.Manila, Philippines: National Historical
Institute, 1983. Print.
Harrison, Francis Burton .
Origins of the Philippine Public:
Extracts from the Diaries and Records of Francis Burton Harrison.
Michigan: UMI Books on Demand, 2002. Print.
Harrison, Francis Burton.
The Cornerstone of Philippine
Independence, A Narrative of Seven Years. 1922. Reprint. Michigan: UMI
Books on Demand, 2002. Print.
Hayden, Joseph Ralston.
The Philippines: a Study in National
Development. 1942 ed. New York: Arno Press, 1972. Print.
Institute, Foreign Service .
Diplomatic Agenda of Philippine
Presidents 1946-1985. Manila: Foreign Service Institute, 1985. Print.
Macapagal, Diosdado.
A Stone for the Edifice, Memoirs of a
President. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1968. Print.
Majul, Cesar Adib.
Muslims in the Philippines. 1973. Reprint.
Quezon City: Published for the Asian Center by the University of the
Philippines Press, 1999. Print.
McKenna, Thomas M..
Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and
Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. 1998. Reprint. Manila: Anvil
Publishing, 2002. Print.
Printing, Bureau of.
Messages of the President, Volume 2 Part 2.
Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1937. Print.
Reynolds, Quentin James, and Geoffrey Bocca.
Macapagal, The
Incorruptible. New York: D. McKay Co., 1965. Print.
Severino, Rodolfo.
Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating
Its National Territory. Manila: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
2011. Print.
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
Two, Part Two). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast
Asia (Volume Two, Part One). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press, 1999. Print.
Tarling, Nicholas.
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume
One, Part Two). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
The Philippine claim to a portion of North Borneo: materials and
documents. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of
International Legal Studies, University of the Philippines Law Center, 2003.
Print.
Tolentino, Arturo M.
Voice of Dissent. Quezon City: Phoenix
Pub. House, 1990. Print.
Treacher, W.H. .
British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak,
Labuan, and North Borneo. Singapore: Government Printing Department, 1891.
Print.
Journals
Bautista, Lowell. “The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the Philippine
Treaty Limits.”
Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 10.no.1
(2008): n. .pag.
Social Science Research Network. Web. 21 Feb.
2013.
Fry, Howard T.. “The Bacon Bill of 1926: New Light on an Exercise in
Divide-and-Rule.”
Philippine Studies26.no.3 (1978). Print.
Ortiz, Pacifico . “Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question.”
Philippine
Studies 11.1 (1963): 18-64. Print.
Flores, Jeremia C., Clarencia S. Reyes, and Rodolfo C. Sabio. “The Legal
Implications of the Unilateral Dropping of the Sabah Claim.”
Philippine
Law Journal 57.1 (1982): 78-103. Print.
Newspapers
Rasul, Amina. “The Sabah Standoff.”
Business World [Manila]
21 Feb. 2013: n. pag.
Business World Online. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
Sydney Morning Herald. “Philippines May Lay Claim to British Colony.”
Sydney
Morning Herald 18 July 1946: 3. Print.
The Singapore
Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. “Moro Princess Renounces Her Land
Claims.”
The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser 24
Apr. 1940: 4. Print.
The Sunday Times. “School Teacher Proclaimed Sultan.”
The Sunday
Times [Singapore] 20 Dec. 1936: p.18.
National Library
Singapore. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
ZamboTimes . “Sovereignty over Sabah, the real reigning Sultan: Sultan
Rodinood – ZamboTimes.”
ZamboTimes . N.p., 16 Sept.
2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Websites
British North Borneo. “British Borneo Treaties.”
Lawnet. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
.
“Hadji Rodinood M. Sultan Julaspi Kiram – reigning 29th Sultan of
Sulu.”
Sovereign Sulu. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013.
.
“History of the Royal House of Sulu.”
Official website of the Royal
House of Sulu. N.p., 20 Dec. 1936. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Quezon III, Manuel L. “Repulsion and Colonization”.
Manuel L.
Quezon III . N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Quezon III, Manuel L. “The perils of partition .”
Manuel L. Quezon
III . N.p., 11 Aug. 2008. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Quezon III, Manuel L.”Greater Malaysia.”
Manuel L.
Quezon III. N.p., 15 Aug. 2008. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Sauler, Erika. “Royal Sultan Sulu & Sabah.”
Tropical Paradise
of North Borneo Sabah. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Sidayu, Agung. “Governor of Sulu Philippines recognized HM Sultan Fuad A
Kiram I | PRLog.”
Free Press Release Distribution Service. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
“Short History of the Sulu Sultanate.”
Sovereign Sulu. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
.
Letters/ Memoranda
Quezon, Manuel Luis.
Powers of the Commissioner of Mindanao and Sulu.
Letter to Hon. Apolonio D. Curato, 28 July 1936.
Quezon, Manuel Luis.
Administration of Affairs in Mindanao. Memorandum
for the Secretary of the Interior, 20 September 1937.
Vargas, Jorge B.
Three-Point Policy for Mindanao and Sulu. Letter to
Hon. Ombra Amilbangsa, 8 October 1937.
Macapagal, Diosdado.
Letter of Diosdado Macapagal to Sen. Leticia
Ramos-Shahani. 1 May 1989.
Speeches
Quezon, Manuel L.
“Development of Mindanao.” Visit of the National
Assembly to Lanao. Camp
Keithley, Lanao. 6 June
1936. Speech.
Ramos, Narciso. “Philippine Policy Statement in the United Nations:
Philippines Brings the Sabah Dispute to the U.N.” United Nations General
Assembly, 23rd Session. Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the
Philippines. New York, New York. 15 Oct. 1968. Speech.
Salonga, Jovito R.. “A Point-by-Point Reply to the Sumulong Report on the
Philippine Claim to North Borneo.” Anglo-Philippine Talks . Legal Committee of
the Philippine Delegation to the Anglo-Philippine Talks. London, London. 30
Mar. 1963. Speech.
Tolentino, Arturo M.. “The Philippines Challenges Malaysia to Bring the
Sabah Issue to the World Court.” 23rd Plenary Session of the United Nations
General Assembly. Philippine Delegation to the United Nations. New York, New
York. 25 Oct. 1968. Speech.
Government Sources
Foreign Service Institute.
The North Borneo Claim: Options for the
Philippines. Meeting of the Informal Working Group on Sabah: Center for
International Relations and Strategic Studies, 2008. Print.
The Republic of the Philippines.
A Study on the Claim to North Borneo (Sabah).
20 March 2012. Print.
Maglana, Constancio.
Sabah is Philippines. Manila: The Bureau of Printing, 1968. Print.
Medvedev, Datu Sadja Michael Y. . “History of the Royal House of
Sulu.”
Official website of the Royal House of Sulu. N.p., 20 Dec.
1936. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.
.
Printing, Bureau of .
Philippine Claim to North
Borneo, Volume II. Manila:
Bureau of Printing, 1967. Print.
Printing, Bureau of.
Philippine Claim to North
Borneo. Manila:
Bureau of Printing , Volume i, 1963. Print.
2.05pm:
The US Embassy in Kuala Lumpur has issued an advisory against travel to
the coastal region extending from the eastern most tip of Sabah south
to the border with Indonesia. This area includes the towns of Lahad
Datu, Kunak, Semporna, and Tawau. 
1.42pm: ABS-CBN reports
that the Philippines is asking the Malaysian authorities to help
provide a safe exit from Sabah for Filipino women and non-combatants.
Currently
the joint forces are conducting 'mopping up' operations. No casualties
have been recorded on the Malaysian side, while casualties among the
intruders are yet to be ascertained. 
Two military choppers have landed on the field of the local college.
Police with rifles are seen taking up position (right) among oil palm trees near the area, watching for intruders who escape.
The meeting, held in Kuala Lumpur, was to discuss ways to peacefully resolve the stand-off in Lahad Datu.
In
Manila, a group of protesters arrive at the Malaysia embassy to condemn
the attack. But the police are stopping the protesters from getting
close to the embassy, which is located in Makati City, the city's
financial centre. 
10.09am:
Police have set up a checkpoint on the main road in Tanjung Labian,
about 5km from the site of hostilities. No one is allowed within 50km
radius of the area.
The
battle, in which some 1,000 Tausug, including women and children, were
killed by American soldiers is also called the 'Massacre of Bud Dajo'.
8.54am: A
Felda official arrived and told Kampung Sungai Merah village chief Rauf
Bani to make a head count of his villagers and register them. 
8.34am:
Home Minister Hishammuddin Hussein posts a photo of him briefing Prime
Minister Najib Abdul Razak on the ground situation in his Twitter
account.
8.24am:
Explosions are heard about 7.30am, near Kampung Tanduo which is
occupied by a group of foreign intruders. Villagers have started
fleeing.